Iimfuno zeWelded Backing Plates ngokweMigangatho
Phakathi kweendlela ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo zezakhiwo zetsimbi, ifom edibeneyo isebenzisa iiplate ezixhasayo zixhaphake kakhulu.Ukusetyenziswa kweepleyiti ezixhasayo kunokusombulula iingxaki ze-welding kwiindawo eziqinileyo kunye nezivaliweyo kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima bemisebenzi ye-welding.Izinto eziqhelekileyo zeplate yokuxhasa zihlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ukuxhaswa kwentsimbi kunye ne-ceramic.Ewe kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, izixhobo ezinje nge-flux zisetyenziswa njengenkxaso.Eli nqaku lichaza imiba ekufuneka ihlawulwe ingqalelo xa usebenzisa i-gaskets yensimbi kunye ne-ceramic gaskets.
Umgangatho weSizwe—–GB 50661
Igatya le-7.8.1 le-GB50661 lichaza ukuba amandla okuvelisa i-backing plate esetyenzisiweyo akufanele abe mkhulu kunamandla okubizwa ngokuba yintsimbi ukuba idityaniswe, kwaye i-weldability kufuneka ifane.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuba igatya 6.2.8 lichaza ukuba iibhodi ezixhasayo zezinto ezahlukeneyo azikwazi ukutshintshwa omnye komnye.(Iintsimbi zentsimbi kunye neelayiti ze-ceramic azinakuthatha indawo enye kwenye).
Umgangatho waseYurophu—–EN1090-2
Isiqendu 7.5.9.2 se-EN1090-2 sichaza ukuba xa usebenzisa i-steel backing, i-carbon equivalent iyadingeka ukuba ibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.43%, okanye izinto eziphathekayo ezine-weldability ephezulu njengesiseko sesinyithi esine-welded.
Umgangatho waseMelika—-AWS D 1.1
Intsimbi esetyenziselwa ipleyiti yokuxhasa kufuneka ibe nayiphi na intsimbi kwiThebhile 3.1 okanye kwiTheyibhile 4.9, ukuba ayikho kuluhlu, ngaphandle kokuba intsimbi enegunya elincinci lesivuno se-690Mpa isetyenziswe njengepleyiti yokuxhasa ekufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela kwi-welding. yentsimbi kunye namandla isivuno ubuncinane 690Mpa , kufuneka ibe yintsimbi eye yavavanywa.Iinjineli kufuneka ziqaphele ukuba ibhodi yokuxhasa ngokubanzi ethengwe eChina yiQ235B.Ukuba izinto ezisisiseko ngexesha lokuvavanya yi-Q345B, kwaye ibhodi yokuxhasa ngokuqhelekileyo ithathelwe indawo yingcambu ecocekileyo, izinto zebhodi ezixhasayo yi-Q235B xa ulungiselela i-WPS.Kule meko, i-Q235B ayizange ihlolwe, ngoko ke le WPS ayihambelani nemimiselo.
Ukutolikwa kwe-inshorensi yovavanyo lwe-EN welder standard
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani leeprojekthi zesakhiwo sensimbi eziveliswayo kunye ne-welded ngokwemigangatho ye-EN iyanda, ukwenzela ukuba imfuno ye-welders yomgangatho we-EN iyanda.Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abavelisi bezakhiwo zensimbi abacacisi ngokukodwa malunga nokugubungela uvavanyo lwe-welder ye-EN, okubangela iimvavanyo ezininzi.Zininzi iimviwo eziphosiweyo.Oku kuya kuchaphazela ukuqhubela phambili kweprojekthi, kwaye xa i-weld izakutshiselwa ifunyaniswe ukuba i-welder ayifanelekanga ukuba i-weld.
Eli nqaku lazisa ngokufutshane ukugubungela uviwo lwe-welder, ngethemba lokuzisa uncedo kuwo wonke umntu.
1. ImiGangatho yokuSebenza yoMviwo we-Welder
a) Ukuwelda ngesandla kunye ne-semi-automatic: EN 9606-1 (ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi)
Kuthotho lwe-EN9606 yahlulwe yangamacandelo ama-5.I-1-intsimbi 2-i-aluminium 3-ibhedu 4-nickel 5-zirconium
b) Ukuwelda komatshini: EN 14732
Ukwahlulwa kweentlobo ze-welding kubhekiselele kwi-ISO 857-1
2. Izinto eziphathekayo
Ukugubungela isiseko sesinyithi, akukho mmiselo ocacileyo kumgangatho, kodwa kukho imimiselo yokugubungela i-welding consumables.
Ngokusebenzisa ezi theyibhile zimbini zingentla, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo ze-welding kunye nokugubungela phakathi kweqela ngalinye kunokucaca.
I-Electrode Welding (111) Ukhuselo
Ukhuseleko kwiintlobo zocingo ezahlukeneyo
3. Ubukhulu bentsimbi yesiseko kunye nobubanzi bombhobho
I-Docking Specimen Coverage
IFillet Weld Coverage
Steel Pipe Diameter Coverage
4. Ukufakwa kwe-Welding isikhundla
I-Docking Specimen Coverage
IFillet Weld Coverage
5. UFundo lweFom yeNode
I-weld backing plate kunye ne-root-cleaning weld inokugubungela omnye nomnye, ngoko ukuze kuncitshiswe ubunzima bovavanyo, uvavanyo oludibeneyo oludityanisiweyo lukhethwa ngokubanzi.
6. I-weld layer coverage
Iiwelds ezinomaleko amaninzi zinokuthatha indawo ye-welds zomaleko omnye, kodwa hayi ngokuchaseneyo.
7. Amanye amanqaku
a) Iiwelds zebutt kunye ne fillet welds azitshintshi.
b) Umdibaniso wempundu unokugquma imibhobho yesebe edityanisiweyo nge-engile ebandakanyiweyo enkulu okanye elingana ne-60 °, kwaye ukhuselo lukhawulelwe kumbhobho wesebe.
Idayamitha yangaphandle iya koyisa, kodwa ubukhulu bodonga buya kuchazwa ngokoluhlu lobungakanani bodonga.
c) Imibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-25mm ingagqunywa ngeepleyiti zentsimbi.
d) Iipleyiti zinokuvala imibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obungaphezu kwama-500mm.
e) Ipleyiti inokugqunywa ngemibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-75mm kwimeko ejikelezayo, kodwa indawo yokuwelda.
Kwindawo yePA, PB, PC, PD.
8. Ukuhlolwa
Ukubonakala kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-macro, ivavanywa ngokwezinga le-EN5817 B, kodwa ikhowudi yi-501, 502, 503, 504, 5214, ngokwe-C level.
umfanekiso
EN Standard Intersecting Line Iimfuno Welding
Kwiiprojekthi ezineentlobo ezininzi zeemibhobho zetsimbi okanye iintsimbi zesikwere, iimfuno ze-welding zemigca ye-intersecting ziphezulu.Ngenxa yokuba ukuba uyilo lufuna ukungena ngokupheleleyo, akulula ukongeza i-liner plate ngaphakathi kumbhobho othe tye, kwaye ngenxa yokwahlukana komjikelezo wombhobho wensimbi, umgca we-intersecting umgca awukwazi ukufaneleka ngokupheleleyo, okubangelwa ukulungiswa kwencwadi kwi ukulandelisa.Ukongezelela, i-angle phakathi kombhobho oyintloko kunye nombhobho wesebe incinci kakhulu, kwaye indawo yeengcambu ayikwazi ukungena.
Kwezi meko zintathu zingentla, kucetyiswa ezi zisombululo zilandelayo:
I-1) Ayikho iplate yokuxhasa i-weld ye-intersecting line, elingana nokungena ngokupheleleyo kwe-weld kwelinye icala.Kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibanise kwisithuba sentsimbi ye-1 kwaye usebenzise indlela yokukhusela igesi engundoqo yokukhusela i-welding.I-gap ye-welding yi-2-4mm, engenakuqinisekisa kuphela ukungena, kodwa iphinde ithintele i-welding.
2) Umgca we-intersecting awufaneleki emva kokusika.Le ngxaki inokulungiswa kuphela ngesandla emva kokusika umatshini.Ukuba kuyimfuneko, iphepha lephethini lingasetyenziselwa ukupenda umgca wokusika umgca we-intersecting ngaphandle kombhobho wesebe, uze unqunywe ngokuthe ngqo ngesandla.
3) Ingxaki yokuba i-angle phakathi kombhobho oyintloko kunye nombhobho wesebe incinci kakhulu ukuba ifakwe i-welded ichazwe kwiSihlomelo E se-EN1090-2.Kwi-welds yomgca we-intersecting, ihlulwe ibe ngamacandelo ama-3: inzwane, indawo yenguqu, ingcambu.Inzwane kunye nommandla wenguqu awuhlambulukanga kwimeko ye-welding embi, kuphela ingcambu inale meko.Xa umgama phakathi kombhobho oyintloko kunye nombhobho wesebe ungaphantsi kwama-60 °, i-weld yengcambu ingaba yi-fillet weld.
Nangona kunjalo, ulwahlulo lwendawo ye-A, B, C, kunye no-D kumfanekiso awubonakali ngokucacileyo kumgangatho.Kucetyiswa ukuba uyichaze ngokwalo mfanekiso ulandelayo:
Iindlela zokusika eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuthelekisa inkqubo
Iindlela zokusika eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukusika i-flame, ukusika i-plasma, ukusika i-laser kunye nokunqunyulwa kwamanzi aphezulu, njl njl. Indlela nganye yenkqubo ineenzuzo zayo kunye nokungonakali.Xa kusetyenzwa iimveliso, indlela efanelekileyo yokusika kufuneka ikhethwe ngokwemeko ethile.
1. Ukusika i-Flame: Emva kokufudumeza inxalenye yokusika i-workpiece kwiqondo lokushisa elivuthayo ngamandla okushisa omlilo wegesi, ukuhamba kwe-oksijini ye-high-speed cut-speed ifafazwe ukuze kutshise kwaye kukhulule ubushushu bokusika.
a) Izinto eziluncedo: Ubukhulu bokusika bukhulu, ixabiso liphantsi, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kuneenzuzo ezicacileyo emva kokuba ubukhulu budlula i-50mm.I-slope yecandelo lincinci (< 1 °), kwaye iindleko zokugcinwa ziphantsi.
b) Ukungalungi: ukusebenza kakuhle okuphantsi (isantya se-80 ~ 1000mm/min phakathi kobukhulu be-100mm), isetyenziselwa kuphela ukusika intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni, ayinakusika intsimbi ephezulu yekhabhoni, insimbi engenasici, intsimbi etyhidiweyo, njl. iipleyiti, umsebenzi onzima mkhulu.
2. Ukusika i-Plasma: indlela yokusika ngokusebenzisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ukwenza amandla okushisa e-plasma arc.Xa i-arc kunye nezinto zitshisa, ukushisa kuveliswa ukwenzela ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zihlale zitshiswa nge-oksijeni yokusika kwaye zikhutshwe yi-oksijini yokusika ukuze zenze i-cut cut.
a) Izinto eziluncedo: Ukusebenza kakuhle kokusika ngaphakathi kwe-6 ~ 20mm yeyona nto iphakamileyo (isantya yi-1400 ~ 4000mm / min), kwaye inokusika i-carbon steel, insimbi engenasici, i-aluminium, njl.
b) Ukungalungi: i-incision ibanzi, indawo echaphazelekayo yokushisa inkulu (malunga ne-0.25mm), i-deformation ye-workpiece ibonakala, ukusika kubonisa ukuguquka okunzulu kunye nokujika, kwaye ukungcola kukhulu.
3. Ukusika i-Laser: indlela yenkqubo apho i-laser ye-high-power density beam isetyenziselwa ukufudumeza kwendawo ukukhupha inxalenye eshushu yezinto eziphathekayo ukufezekisa ukusika.
a) Izinto eziluncedo: ububanzi obunqamlekileyo bokusika, ukuchaneka okuphezulu (ukuya kwi-0.01mm), uburhalarhume obuhle bokusika, ukukhawuleza ukusika (ukulungele ukusika iphepha elincinci), kunye nommandla omncinci ochaphazelekayo wokushisa.
b) Ukungalungi: iindleko eziphezulu zezixhobo, zilungele ukusika ipleyiti encinci, kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle kweplate eshinyeneyo kuncitshisiwe.
4. Ukunqunyulwa kwamanzi oxinzelelo oluphezulu: indlela yenkqubo esebenzisa isantya esiphezulu samanzi ukufezekisa ukusika.
a) Izinto eziluncedo: ukuchaneka okuphezulu, kunokusika nayiphi na into, akukho ndawo echaphazelekayo kubushushu, akukho msi.
b) Ukungalungi: ixabiso eliphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphantsi (isantya se-150 ~ 300mm / min ngaphakathi kwe-100mm ubukhulu), ifanelekile kuphela ukusika indiza, ayifanelekanga ukusika ezintathu-dimensional.
Ngowuphi owona mngxunya webholithi yomzali kwaye bubuphi ubungqingqwa begasket kunye nobukhulu obufunekayo?
Itheyibhile 14-2 kwi-13th edition ye-AISC Steel Building Handbook ixoxa ngobungakanani obukhulu bomngxuma ngamnye webholithi kwizinto zomzali.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubukhulu bomngxuma odweliswe kwiThebhile 14-2 buvumela ukuphambuka okuthile kweebholiti ngexesha lokufakwa kwenkqubo, kwaye ukulungiswa kwesiseko sesinyithi kufuneka kucaciswe ngakumbi okanye ikholamu kufuneka ifakwe ngokuchanekileyo kwi-centerline.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukusika amadangatye ngokuqhelekileyo kuyafuneka ukuphatha obu bukhulu bemingxuma.Iwasha esemgangathweni iyafuneka kwibholiti nganye.Kuba ezi sayizi zomngxunya zichazwe njengelona xabiso liphezulu lobungakanani bazo, ubungakanani bemingxuma emincinci bunokusetyenziselwa ukuhlelwa okuchanekileyo kweebholiti.
Isikhokelo soYilo se-AISC se-10, icandelo lokuFakela iKholamu yeNkxaso yeNsimbi ePhantsi, esekwe kumava adlulileyo, ibeka la maxabiso alandelayo obungakanani begasket ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu: ubuncinci begasket ubukhulu kufuneka bube yi-1/3 ububanzi bebholithi, kunye Ubuncinci bedayamitha yegasket (okanye ubude nobubanzi bewasha engeyiyo isetyhula) kufuneka bube yi-25.4mm (1 phakathi) bukhulu kunobubanzi bomngxuma.Xa i-bolt ihambisa uxinzelelo, ubungakanani bewasha kufuneka bube bukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuhambisa uxinzelelo kwisiseko sesinyithi.Ngokubanzi, ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-gasket bunokumiselwa ngokobungakanani bentsimbi yentsimbi.
Ngaba ibholithi inokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwisiseko sesinyithi?
Ukuba i-bolt material i-weldable, inokudityaniswa kwisiseko sesinyithi.Injongo ephambili yokusebenzisa i-anchor kukubonelela ngenqaku elizinzile kwikholomu ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo ngexesha lofakelo.Ukongezelela, iibholiti zisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa izakhiwo ezilayishwe ngokusisigxina ukuxhathisa amandla axhasayo.I-Welding bolt kwisiseko sentsimbi ayiphumezi naziphi na iinjongo ezingentla, kodwa inceda ukubonelela ukuchasana nokukhupha.
Ngenxa yokuba ubungakanani bomngxuma wesinyithi wesiseko mkhulu kakhulu, intonga ye-ankile ayifane ibekwe embindini wesiseko sentsimbi.Kule meko, i-gasket yeplate eninzi (njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso) iyafuneka.Ukuwelda ibholi kwi gasket kubandakanya inkangeleko ye weld ye fillet, njengobude be weld obulingana nomjikelezo we bolt [π(3.14) umphinda-phindene wedayamitha yebholithi], apho imeko ivelisa ubunzulu obuncinci ngokwentelekiso.Kodwa kuvumelekile ukuwelda inxalenye enemisonto yebholiti.Ukuba inkxaso engaphezulu iyenzeka, iinkcukacha zesiseko sekholomu zingatshintshwa, ngokuqwalasela "ipleyiti edibeneyo" ebhalwe kumfanekiso ongezantsi.
Ngowuphi owona mngxunya webholithi yomzali kwaye bubuphi ubungqingqwa begasket kunye nobukhulu obufunekayo?
Ukubaluleka komgangatho we-welding we-tack
Kwimveliso yezakhiwo zetsimbi, inkqubo ye-welding, njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho weprojekthi yonke, ifumene ingqalelo enkulu.Nangona kunjalo, i-welding ye-tack, njengekhonkco yokuqala yenkqubo ye-welding, ihlala ingahoywa ziinkampani ezininzi.Ezona zizathu ziphambili zezi:
I-1) Ukubekwa kwe-welding kuninzi kwenziwa ngabahlanganisi.Ngenxa yoqeqesho lwezakhono kunye nokwabiwa kwenkqubo, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba asiyonkqubo yokuwelda.
2) I-tack welding seam ifihliwe phantsi kwe-welding seam yokugqibela, kwaye iziphene ezininzi zifihliweyo, ezingenakufumaneka ngexesha lokuhlolwa kokugqibela kwe-welding seam, engenalo umphumo kwisiphumo sokuhlola sokugqibela.
▲ isondele kakhulu esiphelweni (impazamo)
Ngaba i-welds ye-tack ibalulekile?Ichaphazela kangakanani i-weld esemthethweni?Kwimveliso, okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa indima yokubeka i-welds: 1) Ukulungiswa phakathi kweengxenye zamacwecwe 2) Iyakwazi ukuthwala ubunzima bamacandelo ayo ngexesha lokuthutha.
Imigangatho eyahlukileyo ifuna i-tack welding:
Ukudibanisa iimfuno zomgangatho ngamnye we-tack welding, sinokubona ukuba izinto zokudibanisa kunye ne-welders ye-tack welding zifana ne-weld esemthethweni, eyaneleyo ukubona ukubaluleka.
▲ Ubuncinci i-20mm ukusuka ekupheleni (echanekileyo)
Ubude kunye nobukhulu be-welding ye-tack inokumiselwa ngokuhambelana nobukhulu becala kunye nefom yecandelo, ngaphandle kokuba kukho izithintelo eziqinileyo kumgangatho, kodwa ubude kunye nobukhulu be-welding ye-tack kufuneka bube yimodareyitha.Ukuba inkulu kakhulu, iya kwandisa ubunzima be-welder kwaye yenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa umgangatho.Kwi-welds ye-fillet, ubungakanani obukhulu obugqithisiweyo be-weld buya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukubonakala kwe-weld yokugqibela, kwaye kulula ukubonakala ngathi i-wavy.Ukuba incinci kakhulu, kulula ukubangela ukuba i-weld ye-tack iqhekeke ngexesha lenkqubo yokudlulisa okanye xa icala elingasemva le-weld ye-tack i-welded.Kule meko, i-tack weld kufuneka isuswe ngokupheleleyo.
▲ Tack i-welding crack (impazamo)
Kwi-weld yokugqibela efuna i-UT okanye i-RT, iziphene ze-welding ye-tack inokufumaneka, kodwa kwi-welds ye-fillet okanye i-weld yokungena ngokuyinxenye, ii-welds ezingafuneki ukuba zihlolwe iziphene zangaphakathi, iziphene ze-welding ye-tack ""Ibhombu yexesha ”, enokuthi iqhume nangaliphi na ixesha, ibangele iingxaki ezifana nokuqhekeka kwee-welds.
Yintoni injongo yonyango lwe-post weld heat?
Kukho iinjongo ezintathu zonyango lwe-weld post-weld: ukuphelisa i-hydrogen, ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding, ukuphucula isakhiwo se-weld kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi.Unyango lwe-post-weld dehydrogenation lubhekiselele kunyango lobushushu obuphantsi olwenziwa emva kokuba ukuwelda kugqityiwe kwaye i-weld ayizange ipholiswe ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-100 °C.Inkcazo jikelele kukufudumala ukuya kwi-200 ~ 350 ℃ kwaye uyigcine iiyure ezi-2-6.Umsebenzi ophambili we-post-weld hydrogen ukuphelisa unyango kukukhawulezisa ukuphunyuka kwe-hydrogen kwindawo echaphazelekayo kunye ne-weld, esebenza ngokugqithiseleyo ekukhuseleni ukuqhekeka kwe-welding ngexesha le-welding of low-alloy steels.
Ngethuba lenkqubo ye-welding, ngenxa yokungahambelani kokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa, kunye nokuthintela okanye ukuthintela kwangaphandle kwecandelo ngokwalo, uxinzelelo lwe-welding luya kuhlala luveliswa kwicandelo emva kokuba umsebenzi we-welding ugqityiwe.Ubukho boxinzelelo lwe-welding kwicandelo buya kunciphisa amandla okuthwala okwenyani kwendawo edibeneyo edibeneyo, kubangele ukuguqulwa kweplastiki, kwaye kukhokelela kumonakalo wecandelo kwiimeko ezinzima.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu boxinzelelo kukunciphisa amandla esivuno se-welding workpiece kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu ukufezekisa injongo yokuphumla koxinzelelo lwe-welding.Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: enye yi-temperature ephezulu yokushisa, oko kukuthi, i-weldment yonke ifakwe kwiziko lokufudumeza, ifudunyezwe ngokukhawuleza kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, igcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye ekugqibeleni ipholiswe emoyeni okanye eziko.Ngale ndlela, i-80% -90% yoxinzelelo lwe-welding inokupheliswa.Enye indlela iqondo eliphezulu lobushushu basekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, ukufudumeza kuphela i-weld kunye nommandla wayo ojikelezileyo, kwaye ke ngokucothayo ukupholisa, ukunciphisa ixabiso lencopho yoxinzelelo lwe-welding, okwenza ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo kuncinci, kwaye ngokuyinxenye ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding.
Emva kokuba ezinye izinto zetsimbi ze-alloy zidibene, amajoyina abo adibeneyo aya kuba nesakhiwo esiqinileyo, esiya kuphazamisa iimpawu zomatshini wezinto eziphathekayo.Ukongeza, esi sakhiwo lukhuni sinokukhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kokudibanisa phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwe-welding kunye ne-hydrogen.Emva kokunyanga ubushushu, isakhiwo se-metallographic somdibaniso siphuculwe, iplastiki kunye nokuqina kokudibanisa okudibeneyo kuphuculwe, kwaye iimpawu ezibanzi zomatshini wokudibanisa okudibeneyo ziphuculwe.
Ngaba umonakalo we-arc kunye ne-welds yesikhashana inyibilika kwii-welds ezisisigxina kufuneka zisuswe?
Kwizakhiwo ezilayishwe ngokwe-statically, umonakalo we-arcing akufuneki ususwe ngaphandle kokuba amaxwebhu ekhontrakthi afuna ukuba asuswe ngokucacileyo.Nangona kunjalo, kwizakhiwo eziguquguqukayo, i-arcing inokubangela uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo, oluya kutshabalalisa ukuqina kwesakhiwo esiguquguqukayo, ngoko ke umphezulu wesakhiwo kufuneka ube ngumhlaba osicaba kunye nokuqhekeka kumphezulu wesakhiwo kufuneka kuhlolwe ngokubonakalayo.Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kule ngxoxo, nceda ujonge kwiCandelo 5.29 le-AWS D1.1:2015.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, amajoyina okwethutyana kwi-tack welds anokufakwa kwi-welds esisigxina.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwizakhiwo ezilayishwe ngokusisigxina, kuvumelekile ukuba kugcinwe ezo zixhobo ze-tack ezingenako ukufakwa ngaphandle kokuba amaxwebhu ekhontrakthi afuna ngokukodwa ukuba asuswe.Kwizakhiwo ezilayishwe ngamandla, iiwelds zethutyana kufuneka zisuswe.Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngale ngxoxo, nceda ujonge kwiCandelo 5.18 le-AWS D1.1:2015.
[1] Izakhiwo ezilayishwe ngokuzinzileyo zibonakaliswa ngokucotha kakhulu kwesicelo kunye nokuhamba, okuqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo
[2] Isakhiwo esilayishwe ngamandla sibhekiselele kwinkqubo yokufaka kunye/okanye ukuhamba ngesantya esithile, esingenakuthathwa njengesigxina kwaye sifuna ukuqwalaselwa kokukhathala kwesinyithi, okuqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zebhulorho kunye neentsimbi ze-crane.
Izilumkiso ze-welding preheating ebusika
Ubusika obubandayo bufikile, kwaye bubeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu ze-welding preheating.Ukushisa kwe-preheat ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe i-solder, kwaye ukugcina obu bushushu buncinci ngexesha le-soldering ihlala ingahoywa.Ebusika, isantya sokupholisa i-weld joint fast.Ukuba ulawulo lobushushu obuncinci kwinkqubo ye-welding ayihoywa, iya kuzisa iingozi ezifihlakeleyo ezifihlakeleyo kumgangatho we-welding.
Ukuqhekeka okubandayo kweyona nto kwaye iyingozi kakhulu phakathi kweziphene ze-welding ebusika.Izinto ezintathu eziphambili zokubunjwa kweentanda ezibandayo zezi: izinto ezilukhuni (isiseko sesinyithi), i-hydrogen, kunye neqondo lokuzibamba.Kwintsimbi yesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo, isizathu sokuqina kwezinto kukuba izinga lokupholisa likhawuleza kakhulu, ngoko ke ukunyusa ukushisa kwangaphambili kunye nokugcina lo bushushu kunokusombulula le ngxaki kakuhle.
Kulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lwasebusika, iqondo lokushisa elingaphambi kobushushu liyi-20℃-50℃ ngaphezulu kunobushushu obuqhelekileyo.Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwi-preheating of the positioning welding of the thick plate iphezulu kancinane kune-weld esemthethweni.I-electroslag welding, i-arc i-welding ephantsi kwamanzi kunye nezinye igalelo lobushushu Iindlela eziphezulu ze-soldering zinokufana nokushisa okuqhelekileyo kwangaphambili.Amacandelo amade (ngokubanzi ngaphezu kwe-10m), akukhuthazwa ukuba ukhuphe izixhobo zokufudumeza (i-tube yokufudumala okanye i-sheet yokufudumeza yombane) ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding ukukhusela imeko "yenye isiphelo sishushu kwaye esinye sibanda".Kwimeko yemisebenzi yangaphandle, emva kokuba i-welding igqityiwe, ukugcinwa kobushushu kunye namanyathelo okupholisa ngokukhawuleza kufuneka kuthathwe kwindawo ye-weld.
I-Welding preheat tubes (kumalungu amade)
Kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-welding ephantsi-hydrogen ebusika.Ngokutsho kwe-AWS, i-EN kunye neminye imigangatho, ukushisa kwangaphambili kwe-low-hydrogen welding consumables kunokuba ngaphantsi kwe-welding general consumables.Nika ingqalelo ekuqulunqweni kokulandelelana kwe-welding.Ulandelelwano lwe-welding olufanelekileyo lunokunciphisa kakhulu ukuvinjelwa kwe-welding.Ngexesha elifanayo, njengenjineli ye-welding, ikwangumthwalo kunye nembopheleleko yokuhlaziya i-welding joints kwimidwebo enokubangela ukuthintela okukhulu, kunye nokulungelelanisa kunye nomyili wokutshintsha ifom edibeneyo.
Emva kwe-soldering, i-solder pads kunye ne-pinout plates kufuneka zisuswe nini?
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ingqibelelo yejometri ye-welding edibeneyo, emva kokugqitywa kwe-welding, i-plate ekhokelayo emphethweni wecandelo ingadinga ukunqunyulwa.Umsebenzi we-lead-out plate kukuqinisekisa ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo be-weld ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni kwenkqubo ye-welding;kodwa le nkqubo ingentla kufuneka ilandelwe.Njengoko kucacisiwe kumaCandelo 5.10 kunye no-5.30 we-AWS D1.1 2015. Xa kuyimfuneko ukususa izixhobo ezincedisayo ze-welding ezifana ne-welding pads okanye iipleyiti ezikhokelayo, unyango lwe-welding surface kufuneka luqhutywe ngokweemfuno ezifanelekileyo. ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwe-welding.
Inyikima ye-North Ridge Earthquake ye-1994 yabangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-"beam-column-section steel" isakhiwo sokudibanisa esidityanisiweyo, ukutsala ingqalelo kunye nengxoxo malunga neenkcukacha ze-welding kunye ne-seismic, kunye nesiseko apho iimeko ezintsha zomgangatho zisekiwe.Amalungiselelo eenyikima kuhlelo luka-2010 lomgangatho we-AISC kunye neSihlomelo esinguNombolo 1 esihambelanayo sibandakanya iimfuno ezicacileyo kulo mba, oko kukuthi, nanini na xa iiprojekthi zobunjineli benyikima zibandakanyeka, iipads zokuwelda kunye neepleyiti ezikhokelayo kufuneka zisuswe emva kwe-welding. .Kukho umkhethe, nangona kunjalo, apho umsebenzi ogcinwe licandelo elivavanyiweyo usangqineka ukuba wamkelekile ngokuphathwa ngaphandle koku kungasentla.
Ukuphucula uMgangatho wokuSika-Iingqwalasela kwiNkqubo kunye noLawulo lweNkqubo
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphucula umgangatho wokusika iinxalenye.Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukusika, kubandakanywa iiparitha zokusika, uhlobo kunye nomgangatho wegesi esetyenzisiweyo, ubuchule bobugcisa bomqhubi we-workshop, kunye nokuqonda izixhobo zomatshini wokusika.
(1) Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-AutoCAD ukuzoba inxalenye yegraphics iyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kumgangatho weendawo zokusika;i-nesting typesetting abasebenzi baqulunqa inkqubo yecandelo lokusika i-CNC ngokungqongqo ngokuhambelana neemfuno zenxalenye yemizobo, kwaye amanyathelo afanelekileyo kufuneka athathwe xa kucwangciswa ezinye i-flange splicing kunye neendawo ezibhityileyo : Imbuyekezo ethambileyo, inkqubo ekhethekileyo (i-co-edge, ukusika okuqhubekayo), njl. ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubukhulu beengxenye emva kokusika kudlula ukuhlolwa.
(2) Xa usika iindawo ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuba ikholomu ephakathi (i-conical, cylindrical, web, cover) kwi-stack ejikelezayo inkulu kakhulu, kucetyiswa ukuba abadwelisi beprogram benze inkqubo ekhethekileyo ngexesha lokucwangcisa, i-micro-connection (ukwandisa i-breakpoints) , oko kukuthi , setha inqaku elihambelanayo lexeshana elingenalo ukusika (5mm) kwicala elifanayo lecandelo eliza kunqunyulwa.Ezi ngongoma zixhunyiwe kunye nentsimbi yensimbi ngexesha lenkqubo yokusika, kwaye iinxalenye zibanjwe ukukhusela ukufuduka kunye ne-shrinkage deformation.Emva kokuba ezinye iindawo zisikiwe, la manqaku anqunywe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubukhulu beendawo ezisikiweyo abunakukhubazeka lula.
Ukomeleza inkqubo yokulawula iinxalenye zokusika ngundoqo ekuphuculeni umgangatho weengxenye zokusika.Emva kohlalutyo oluninzi lwedatha, izinto ezichaphazela umgangatho wokusika zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umqhubi, ukukhethwa kwemibhobho yokusika, ukulungiswa komgama phakathi kwemibhobho yokusika kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwesantya sokusika, kunye ne-perpendicularity phakathi kobuso bomhlaba. ipleyiti yensimbi kunye ne-nozzle yokusika.
(1) Xa usebenzisa umatshini wokusika we-CNC ukusika iindawo, umqhubi kufuneka anqumle iinxalenye ngokwenkqubo yokusika engenanto, kwaye umqhubi kufuneka abe nolwazi lokuzihlola kwaye akwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweendawo eziqeqeshiweyo nezingafanelekanga okokuqala. inxalenye esikwa yedwa, ukuba ayifanelekanga Ilungile kwaye ilungiswe ngexesha;uze uyingenise kuhlolo lomgangatho, kwaye usayine itikiti lokuqala elifanelekileyo emva kokuphumelela uhlolo;kuphela emva koko kunokuveliswa ngobuninzi beendawo zokusika.
(2) Imodeli ye-nozzle yokusika kunye nomgama phakathi kombhobho wokusika kunye ne-workpiece yonke ikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokuhambelana nobukhulu beendawo zokusika.Inkulu imodeli ye-nozzle yokusika, ubukhulu becala lentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo linqunyulwa;kunye nomgama phakathi kwe-nozzle yokusika kunye ne-plate yensimbi iya kuchaphazeleka ukuba ikude kakhulu okanye isondele kakhulu: ikude kakhulu iya kubangela ukuba indawo yokufudumala ibe nkulu kakhulu, kwaye iphinde ikhulise i-thermal deformation yamacandelo;Ukuba incinci kakhulu, i-nozzle yokusika iya kuvinjelwa, ibangele inkunkuma yokugqoka iindawo;kunye nesantya sokusika siya kuncitshiswa, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuya kuncitshiswa.
(3) Ukulungelelaniswa kwesantya sokusika kuhambelana nobukhulu be-workpiece kunye ne-nozzle ekhethiweyo yokusika.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iyancipha ngokunyuka kobunzima.Ukuba isantya sokusika sikhawuleza okanye sicotha kakhulu, siya kuchaphazela umgangatho wechweba lokusika inxalenye;isantya esifanelekileyo sokusika siya kuvelisa isandi esiqhelekileyo sokuphuma xa i-slag ihamba, kunye ne-slag outlet kunye ne-nozzle yokusika ngokusisiseko kumgca;isantya esifanelekileyo sokusika Kuya kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 1.
(4) I-perpendicularity phakathi kombhobho wokusika kunye nomgangatho weplate yensimbi yeqonga lokusika, ukuba i-nozzle yokusika kunye nomgangatho weplate yensimbi ayinayo i-perpendicular, iya kubangela ukuba inxalenye yecandelo lithambekele, eliya kuchaphazela ukungalingani. ubungakanani beendawo eziphezulu kunye nezisezantsi zecandelo, kwaye ukuchaneka akunakuqinisekiswa.Iingozi;umqhubi kufuneka ahlole ukunyanzeliswa kwe-nozzle yokusika ngexesha ngaphambi kokusika.Ukuba ivaliwe, ukuhamba komoya kuya kuthambekela, kubangela ukuba i-nozzle yokusika kunye nomphezulu weplate yensimbi yokusika ingabi yi-perpendicular, kwaye ubukhulu beendawo zokusika buya kuba bungalunganga.Njengomqhubi, i-torch yokusika kunye ne-nozzle yokusika kufuneka ilungiswe kwaye ilinganiswe ngaphambi kokusika ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-torch yokusika kunye ne-nozzle yokusika i-perpendicular kumphezulu weplate yensimbi yeqonga lokusika.
Umatshini wokusika we-CNC yinkqubo yedijithali eqhuba ukuhamba kwesixhobo somatshini.Xa isixhobo somatshini sihamba, isixhobo sokusika esixhotyiswe ngokungacwangciswanga sisika iindawo;ngoko ke indlela yokucwangcisa yamacandelo kwipleyiti yentsimbi idlala into egqibayo kumgangatho wokucutshungulwa kwamacandelo esikiweyo.
(1) Ukuphucula inkqubo yokusika indlwane isekelwe kwidayagram yokufukama ephuculweyo, eguqulwayo ukusuka kwindawo yokuzalela ukuya kwindawo yokusika.Ngokumisela iiparitha zenkqubo, ulwalathiso lwe-contour, indawo yokuqala ye-contours yangaphakathi nangaphandle, kunye nemigca ekhokelayo kunye ne-lead-out ilungelelanisiwe.Ukufezekisa eyona ndlela imfutshane yokungasebenzi, ukunciphisa i-thermal deformation ngexesha lokusika, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wokusika.
(2) Inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokulungiswa kwendlwane isekelwe kulwandlalo lwenxalenye kumzobo woyilo, kunye nokuyila i-trajectory yokusika ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezichanekileyo ngokusebenza "okuchazayo", okufana ne-anti-deformation micro-joint cut, ezininzi. -inxalenye eqhubekayo yokusika, ukusika ibhulorho, njl., Ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa, ukusika ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho kunokuphuculwa ngcono.
(3) Ukukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kweeparamitha zenkqubo nako kubaluleke kakhulu.Khetha iiparitha zokusika ezihlukeneyo zobunzima beepleyiti ezahlukeneyo: njengokukhethwa kwemigca ekhokelayo, ukukhethwa kwemigca ekhokelayo, umgama phakathi kweengxenye, umgama phakathi kwemiphetho yeplate kunye nobukhulu bokuvulwa okugciniweyo.Itheyibhile yesi-2 kukusika iiparamitha zobunzima bepleyiti nganye.
Indima ebalulekileyo yegesi yokukhusela i-welding
Ukusuka kumbono wobugcisa, ngokutshintsha nje ukubunjwa kwegesi ekhuselayo, ezi mpembelelo zibalulekileyo ezi-5 zinokwenziwa kwinkqubo ye-welding:
(1) Phucula isantya sokubeka i-welding wire deposition
Imixube yerhasi etyetyisiweyo yeArgon idla ngokukhokelela kwimveliso ephezulu esulungekileyo kunecarbon dioxide ecocekileyo eqhelekileyo.Umxholo weArgon kufuneka udlule i-85% ukufezekisa utshintsho lwe-jet.Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukunyusa izinga le-welding wire deposition kufuna ukukhethwa kweeparamitha ezifanelekileyo ze-welding.Isiphumo se-welding ngokuqhelekileyo sisiphumo sokusebenzisana kweeparamitha ezininzi.Ukukhetha okungafanelekanga kweeparameters ze-welding ngokuqhelekileyo kuya kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-welding kunye nokwandisa umsebenzi wokususa i-slag emva kwe-welding.
(2) Lawula i-spatter kunye nokunciphisa ukucocwa kwe-slag emva kwe-welding
I-ionization ephantsi ye-argon yandisa ukuzinza kwe-arc kunye nokunciphisa okuhambelanayo kwi-spatter.Itekhnoloji entsha yakutsha nje kwimithombo yamandla e-welding iye yalawula i-spatter kwi-CO2 welding, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, ukuba umxube wegesi usetyenziswa, i-spatter ingancitshiswa ngakumbi kwaye i-welding parameter window inokwandiswa.
(3) Lawula ukubunjwa kwe-weld kunye nokunciphisa i-welding ngokugqithiseleyo
I-CO2 welds idla ngokuphumela ngaphandle, okukhokelela ekugqithiseni kunye nokunyuka kweendleko ze-welding.Umxube wegesi ye-argon kulula ukulawula ukubunjwa kwe-weld kwaye ugweme inkunkuma ye-welding wire.
(4) Ukwandisa isantya welding
Ngokusebenzisa i-argon-rich gas mix, i-spatter ihlala ilawulwa kakuhle nangona ngokunyuka kwe-welding yangoku.Inzuzo oku kuzisa ukwanda kwesantya se-welding, ngakumbi kwi-welding ezenzekelayo, ephucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
(5) Lawula umsi we-welding
Ngaphantsi kweeparamitha ze-welding efanayo, umxube ocebileyo we-argon unciphisa kakhulu umsi we-welding xa kuthelekiswa ne-carbon dioxide.Xa kuthelekiswa nokutyalomali kwizixhobo ze-hardware ukuphucula indawo yokusebenza ye-welding, ukusetyenziswa komxube we-argon-rich gas yi-avanteent advantage yokunciphisa ungcoliseko kumthombo.
Okwangoku, kumashishini amaninzi, umxube wegesi we-argon usetyenziswe ngokubanzi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zomhlambi, amaninzi amashishini asekhaya asebenzisa i-80% Ar + 20% CO2.Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, le gesi ekhuselayo ayisebenzi ngokufanelekileyo.Ke ngoko, ukukhetha eyona rhasi yeyona ndlela ilula yokuphucula umgangatho wolawulo lwemveliso kwishishini lokuwelda kwindlela eya phambili.Eyona khrayitheriya ibalulekileyo yokukhetha irhasi ekhuselayo kukuhlangabezana nezona mfuno zewelding ukuya kowona mgangatho mkhulu.Ukongeza, ukuhamba kwegesi okufanelekileyo kusisiseko sokuqinisekisa umgangatho we-welding, ukuhamba okukhulu okanye okuncinci kakhulu akuncedi ukuwelda.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-07-2022